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- <text id=93CT1695>
- <title>
- Gambia, The--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Northern Africa
- The Gambia
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> From what is known of its early history, The Gambia was once
- part of the Empire of Ghana and the Kingdom of the Songhais.
- When the Portuguese visited in the 15th century, it was part of
- the Kingdom of Mali.
- </p>
- <p> By the 16th century, Portuguese slave traders and gold
- seekers had settled in the lower river area. In 1588, the
- claimant to the Portuguese throne, Antonio, Prior of Crato, sold
- exclusive trade rights on the Gambia River to English merchants;
- this grant was confirmed by letters patent from queen Elizabeth
- I. In 1618, James I granted a charter to a British company for
- trade with The Gambia and the Gold Coast (now Ghana).
- </p>
- <p> During the late 17th century and throughout the 18th,
- England and France struggled continuously for political and
- commercial supremacy in the regions of the Senegal and Gambia
- Rivers. The 1783 Treaty of Versailles gave Great Britain
- possession of The Gambia, but the French Retained an enclave at
- Albreda on the north bank of the river (ceded to the United
- Kingdom in 1857).
- </p>
- <p> In 1807, slave trading was abolished throughout the British
- Empire, and the British tried unsuccessfully to end the slave
- traffic in The Gambia. They established the military post of
- Bathurst (now Banjul) in 1816. In the ensuing years, Banjul
- sometimes was under the jurisdiction of the government general
- in Sierra Leone. In 1843, it was made a separate British
- colony. Beginning in 1866, The Gambia and Sierra Leone were
- reunited under a single administration, but in 1888 The Gambia
- became a separate entity again.
- </p>
- <p> An 1889 agreement with France established the present
- boundaries, and The Gambia became a British Crown Colony,
- divided for administrative purposes into the colony (city of
- Banjul and the surrounding area) and the protectorate (remainder
- of the territory). The Gambia received its own executive and
- legislative councils in 1901 and gradually progressed toward
- self-government. A 1906 ordinance abolished slavery.
- </p>
- <p> During World War II, Gambian troops fought with the Allies
- in Burma, and Banjul served as an air stop for the U.S. Army
- Air Corps and port of call for allied naval convoys. President
- Franklin D. Roosevelt stopped overnight in Banjul en route to
- and from the Casablanca Conference, marking the first visit to
- the African Continent by an American president in office.
- </p>
- <p> After World War II, the pace of constitutional advance
- quickened and, following general elections in 1962, full
- internal self-government was granted in late 1963. Political
- attention in The Gambia began to focus increasingly on
- independence.
- </p>
- <p> The Gambia achieved independence on February 18, 1965, as a
- constitutional monarchy within the British Commonwealth.
- Shortly thereafter, the government proposed conversion from a
- monarchy to a republic with an elected president replacing the
- British monarch as chief of state. This proposal was submitted
- to a popular referendum in November 1965 but failed to receive
- the two-thirds majority required to amend the constitution. The
- results won widespread attention abroad as testimony to The
- Gambia's observance of secret balloting, honest elections, and
- civil rights and liberties. In 1970, another referendum was
- approved by the required majority, and The Gambia became a
- republic on April 24.
- </p>
- <p>Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> With the exceptions of a bloody coup attempt in 1981, The
- Gambia has enjoyed a history of political stability under the
- leadership of its first president, Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara.
- </p>
- <p> In 1981, Gambian dissidents, backed by outside elements
- seeking to gain influence in the region, mounted an attempt to
- overthrow the Jawara government. Many lives were lost before
- Senegalese troops were called in to quell the rebellion.
- </p>
- <p> In the aftermath of the attempted coup, The Gambia and
- Senegal signed an agreement to form the confederation of
- Senegambia. This Treaty calls for the integration of the
- security services and armed forces of both countries and
- eventual economic and monetary union.
- </p>
- <p> Since the treaty, The Gambia has actively pursued the
- development of the Gambian National Army under the supervision
- of a British Army training team. In 1985, The Gambia began
- participating in the U.S. international military education and
- training (IMET) program funded by U.S. military departments.
- Gambian Army forces currently number about 450, including
- Gambia's 150-man contribution to a confederal battalion, as
- stipulated in the Senegambian agreement.
- </p>
- <p> A Gambian gendarmerie--moldeled on its Senegalese
- counterpart--has also been implemented under the Ministry of
- Defense. The gendarmerie has jurisdiction in the rural areas
- lying between The Gambia's major cities: major urban areas
- (principally Banjul and its suburbs) fall under the
- jurisdiction of The Gambia Police force, which answers to the
- Ministry of the Interior.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- October 1986.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-